From Pololu: Sumo ring border angle detection

I figured out something cool you can do with a robot and wrote about it on the Pololu blog: Sumo ring border angle detection.

USB CDC ACM braindump

I just dumped a lot of stuff I know about USB CDC ACM devices into a StackOverflow answer. Check it out if you want to learn more about the standard way to make a USB device that has a virtual serial port.

Ways to return a string from a C function

I am working on a C library and I need to have a flexible, easy, efficient way to return strings to the user. See my gist on this topic: https://gist.github.com/DavidEGrayson/db13d38cbe5c95db64c4.

Non-bitcoin assets on the block chain are not interesting

I frequently hear people in the Bitcoin community say that money is just the first application of the Bitcoin block chain, and that they want to use it for tracking other assets like land and securities. That thinking is misguided and I would like to explain why.

First of all, let's talk about the data in the block chain. The payload data for the block chain is mainly just a bunch of blobs of structured binary data called transactions. Each transaction has a list of inputs and a list of outputs, and it specifies how much value is stored inside each output. The value inside each output is just a positive integer which represents how many bitcoins are in that output. Each transaction output also has a script which determines who can unlock the output, and the typical script will contain something called a Bitcoin address. The rest of the data in the block chain, and all the software that runs on the nodes in the Bitcoin network, is designed to fulfill one purpose: it establishes a decentralized consensus on the set of unspent transaction outputs. It does this in a way that anyone can use the network, but nearly no one can modify its data maliciously.

The block chain, and the servers that maintain it, know nothing about real estate or stocks. So when someone tells you they have developed a way to represent non-bitcoin assets on the block chain, what they are saying is that they have invented a set of rules for how to interpret the data in the block chain in order to add extra information to it about asset ownership.

These rules that they invented are not enforced in the block chain. Therefore, if you are an owner of a non-bitcoin block chain asset, then you have to trust some third party to actually give value to your asset. That third party could arbitrarily change the rules of the game some day and declare that your assets are not valid, in a very similar manner to how PayPal or Coinbase can arbitrarily freeze your account. The block chain doesn't care, so the only recourse you would have is to complain loudly in public and/or file a lawsuit. There is nothing you can actually do by yourself in order to maintain control of that asset. Therefore, that kind of asset is inferior to an actual, real bitcoin, and it is not a particularly interesting thing to talk about.

The only benefit I can see to these kind of schemes is that there would be more transparency in the ownership and transfer of these assets. But you don't need the block chain to achieve that. Imagine this alternative system instead: the central authority that everyone is trusting could simply maintain a centralized ledger themselves. They could publish a new version of the ledger on their website every hour, signed with their company's PGP key. The asset holders could use ECDSA cryptography, or any kind of authentication mechanism that the company implements, in order to authenticate themselves and issue orders for transferring the asset. This kind of system is totally possible with today's technology, and it would be cheaper to implement than a block chain-based system because you wouldn't have to download tens of gigabytes of data or pay fees to Bitcoin miners.

So why does everyone keep talking about non-bitcoin assets on the block chain and writing software and protocols for it? There are people who have spent a lot more time thinking about this than I have, so maybe I am missing something. Please enlighten me in the comments.

TLDR: The bitcoin network establishes a decentralized consensus on the set of unspent transaction outputs. It doesn't know anything about non-bitcoin assets, so you'd have to trust a third party in order to actually hold such an asset. If you are trusting a third party, there is no real reason to use the block chain.

Ruby blocks with brackets are parsed differently

In Ruby, you can write blocks using either brackets or with the do/end keywords. Check out this code that gives surprising results:

a = []
 
a.concat a.map { |b| }  # => []
 
a.concat a.map do |b|
end
# => no implicit conversion of Enumerator into Array (TypeError)

It turns out that the Ruby parser actually cares which notation you use for your blocks, and that affects which method will receive the block. In the code above, a block written with brackets gets passed to the last method in the statement. A block written with do/end gets passed to the first method, which causes the code example above to break.

You can even use both types of blocks in the same statement, and they go to different methods:

def f(x)
  puts 'f got block' if block_given?
end
 
def g(x)
  puts 'g got block' if block_given?
end
 
def h
  puts 'h got block' if block_given?
end
 
f g h { } do
end
# f got block
# h got block

I used to think that the different notations for blocks were just equivalent ways of writing the same thing, and I said that do/end should be used if and only if the block is multi-line. Now it seems like there might be legitimate reasons to break that rule, or to come up with a different rule.